I could be wrong about this...but aluminum doesn't really corrode per se. About the first hundred nm or so forms a layer of aluminum oxide...
You are correct, it does not “corrode” per say. It is just very reactive, and reacts with air to form the thin and incredibly tuff coating, which is virtually the only stable oxide of aluminum. And maybe in aluminum foil the layer is only nanometers thick, but it can be more. It is the most annoying thing about welding aluminum actually. The oxide has a much higher melting point then the aluminum metal, so you have to scrape off the oxide, or by the time you “melt” the oxide the heat will be to much and destroy what you are welding.
But this coating can be damaged, and food is contained all the time in thin layers of aluminum foil, it is inevitable that people digest it (entire pieces of foil, coating and all). Also with aluminum cook wear, scraping of it with utensils could expose and put aluminum in the food. It is non toxic to human, with limits of course.