Almost by definition, the common elastomer polymers we use as rubber tend to be fairly impermeable to many solvents, so it's not likely anything will "drive" a dye into them. If something were successful, it would likely weaken the rubber. So paint the surface, or dye it when you polymerize it. That's pretty much what is always done -- we paint walls or keep them natural, we paint automobiles, etc. Granted we dye cloth after it's woven, but it's porous -- rubber isn't.