That's not an integral. It's a natural log. You just do the inverse of natural log (e
-kt)
If your question is how does one derive the integrated rate law, then...
This is a separable differential equation.
You have the reaction 2H
2O
2 2H
2O + O
2 which you know to be first-order with respect to H
2O
2.
This means that the rate of disappearance of H
2O
2 (also known as rate of reaction) is proportional to the concentration of H
2O
2. Mathematically, this can be represented as
$$ \frac{-d[A]}{dt} = k[A] /$$ where A is H
2O
2 and k is the rate constant.
Now I'm going to rearrange, then integrate both sides.
$$ \frac{-d[A]}{dt} = k[A] /$$
$$ \frac{d[A]}{[A]} = -kdt /$$
$$ \int \frac{d[A]}{[A]} = \int -kdt /$$
$$ \ln[A] = -kt + C /$$ where C is a constant (due to integration)
Left hand side always equals right hand side, and when t = 0, left hand side is
$$ \ln[A]_{0} = C /$$
So the overall equal is
$$ \ln[A]_{t} = -kt + \ln[A}_{0} /$$
$$ \ln\frac{[A]_{t}}{[A]_{0}} = -kt /$$