Please read the Forum Rules, posted in Red at the top of every forum page. We like to help, but we don't give complete answers to homework problems. Make some sort of attempt to solve the questions you've asked, and we'll see where you may be stuck, and we'll offer help. For everyone's convenience, I've merged your various postings into one thread, they seem to all cover the same general topic -- except for one, but we can work on that at the same time, you'll need the answer for all of your other work, anyway.