[stevieG22]

I have a doubt regarding nitration and sulphonation of phenol.

1]My teacher has given that out of ortho and para, para is major in nitration of phenol, while  solomons and fryle has given in his book that ortho gives  40% yield and para is just 15% . Which is correct ? Which is major under different temperatures? Can you please highlight the concept in it ?

2] In the organic text of solomons & fryle, there is a question  that "in sulphonation of phenols, ortho substituted product is the kinetically controlled product ,  and para substituted is thermodynamically controlled product. Give a reason for this, and hence explain why para substituted product is more stable than the ortho substituted one".

I am studying undergraduate level, hence i expect sought of  theoritical answers. Thanx for the help in advance  

[g-bones]

is it possible that it is some kind of directing type interaction with the hydrogen phenol (which infers it is unprotonated (-OH) but would likely be in equilibrium with the protonated form (-OH2+), however the protonated form likely doesnt  sulfonate or nitrate since the lone pair used to activate the phenol toward EAS is tied up) and the electrophile to direct it toward the ortho position so the activation barrier isnt as high but the final energy of the product is still higher than the para substituted product due to steric/electrostatic repulsions of the ortho isomer?

[orgopete]

I seem to recall that I saw someone say that there aren't any rules for predicting the o/p ratios. In this case, the major product is the ortho-nitrophenol. I acylated anisole with a number of acid chlorides and they gave the para product in high regioselectivity.