[mcnakl]

Any help with these questions would be much appreciated

1. What is the problem of junction potentials in electrochemical cells and how is this effect is minimised?

2. What are the properties of primary standards used in titration analysis?

3. What is thee distinction between the 'sensitivity' and 'detection limit' of an analytical method and under what circumstances might these parameters be equal?

4. What is the difference between an endpoint and an equivalence point in a titration. What are two methods for detecting the endpoint in a manual acid-base titration?

5. What are the relative probabilities of decay of a molecule from an excited state via fluroescence compared to phosphorescence? What is the nature of the excited state which potentially leads to phosphorescence and that which leads to fluroescence?

6. Why is the isosbestic point a useful method for analysing a solution for an element that might be present in several chemical forms and for which the exact speciation is unknown? What alternative approaches may be useful to analyse thee total concentration of the element in such a solution?

7. What causes junction potential? How does this potential limit the accuracy of potentiometric analysis?

8. What are the likely modes of interaction of a photon in the following wavelength ranges with a simple molecule such as HCI
-Microwave
-Infrared
-X-Ray
-Ultra-Violet

9. What are three methods used for the detection of the endpont of a redox titration?

10. What are the requirements for a metal ion indicator to be used in a direct metal EDTA titration?

11. What are four sources of error associated with pH measurement using a glass electrode?

12. List the requirements of a suitable internal standard in gas chromatography (GC)?

13. What is the operation of one detector used in gas chromatography (GC)?

14. List the important components of the ion-selective membrane of an ion-selective membrane electrode and describe briefly the function of each of them?

15. What are the primary advantages of Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GFAAS) over conventional Flame Atomic Absorption spectroscopy? What is one typical application of GFAAS?

16. Name three processes which are responsible for band broadening in chromatography and indicate their dependence on mobile phase velocity

17. Describe the operation of one detector in high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)

18. What is an example of where a junction potential may give rise to a serious error?

19. The result window of a rapid immunoassay test shows a visible line. The control window also shows a visible line. What is an example of a compound or compound class for which such a test result would be a positive result and one example of a compound or compound class for which the test result would be negative?

20. What is the description of three liquid chromatographic methods, in which different mechanisms are used for the retention of the analyte on the stationary phase?

21. What the the features of gas chromatography injection systems which are needed to ensure that sharp well defined peaks can be obtained for the separation of volatile compounds?

22. What are three factors that contribute to band broadening in gas chromatography, and are included in the Van Deemter equation?

23. In terms of the properties of photons, What is the distinction between and increase in 'intensity' and an increase in 'energy' of a photon beam?

24. How are acids, bases and metal ions extracted through to an organic solvent base?

25. Why is derivatisation of analytes sometimes used in gas chromatography?

26. What is an example of a primary standard for acid-base titrations?

[Hunter2]

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