It is postulated that SiO2 facilitates the ionic addition of HBr to an alkene according to Markovnikov’s rule, in the article given at :
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-50532001000500013In the article, Scheme 1, PBr3 is used as an indirect hydrobrominating reagent, reacting with H2O ( 3 moles ):
PBr3 + 3H2O 3HBr + H3PO3
Now, if anhydrous conditions are used, where is the water coming from ?
Can it be assumed that the water is from the water of crystallization present in SiO2 ?
Or, is the SiO2 “moistened” prior to use ?
SiO2.3H2O + PBr3 3HBr + H3PO3 ??
Referring to the article, check Reference No 15 that states the “moisture” content of SiO2.
( ca 15% w/w )
Judging by the high quantity of SiO2 used, compared to the quantity of substrate, it appears that the role of SiO2 is 2 fold :
a ) Carrier of H2O ( moistening prior to use or inherent as water of crystallization ).
b ) Mediation of Hydrobromination ( surface active mechanism )
The Authors of the article state that SiO2 facilitates the addition of HBr to an alkene, by increasing the rate and yield of reaction, but do not give the exact mechanism of the reaction.
QUESTION 1 : SiO2 appears to favor Markovnikov ionic additions of HBr to an alkene.
Will SiO2 also facilitate the free radical addition of HBr ( via Br* free radical ) to an
alkene, according to anti-Markovnikov’s rule, using organic peroxide / UV / Heat ?
QUESTION 2 : To arrive at anti-Markovnikov product, would it be advisable not to use SiO2 ?
QUESTION 3 : Can other salts having water of crystallization also react the same way with PBr3 ?
Assuming thay will not react with HBr.
Please let me know the answers, especially to questions 1 & 2.
Thanks.