you give 2 steps
(1) decide which type of compound
(2) identify the anion
Let me give you some more information on (2). Usually... we name the anion by the oxidation state of the central atom attached to the oxygen atom. The naming of the acid and anion goes like this
oxidation state acid anion
of central atom prefix / suffix prefix / suffix
lowest hypo- -ous hypo- -ite
higher -ous -ite
higher -ic -ate
highest per- -ic per- -ate
example... the sulfuric acid family, H2SO4
oxidation state
anion of central atom acid sodium salt
SO2(-2) +2 hyposulfurous sodium hyposulfite
SO3(-2) +4 sulfurous sodium sulfite
SO4(-2) +6 sulfuric sodium sulfate
SO5(-2) +8 persulfuric sodium persulfate
another example, the nitric acid family, HNO3
oxidation state
anion of central atom acid sodium salt
NO1(-1) +1 hyponitrous sodium hyponitrite
NO2(-1) +3 nitrous sodium nitrite
NO3(-1) +5 nitric sodium nitrate
NO4(-1) +7 pernitric sodium pernitrate
example... the chloric acid family.. HClO3
oxidation state
anion of central atom acid sodium salt
ClO1(-1) +1 hypochlorous sodium hypochlorite
ClO2(-1) +3 chlorous sodium chlorite
ClO3(-1) +5 chloric sodium chlorate
ClO4(-1) +7 perchloric sodium perchlorate
*********
examples
KNO2 potassium nitrite
KNO3 potassium nitrate
KCl potassium chloride... note the "ide".. note the monoelemental anion?
MgSO2 magnesium hyposulfite
NaF sodium fluoride
Na2S sodium sulfide
Al2S3 aluminum sulfide... note this is still a "mono-elemental" anion?
*********
so.. how to remember all this.
(1) learn all the "ic" acids
H2SO4
HBrO3
H3PO4
HNO3
HClO3
etc
(2) remember sodium hypochlorite. NaClO aka bleach
remember hypochlorous acid.. . .. HClO
now you know..
(a) ite and ous go together
(b) ite and ous are lower oxidation states
(c) hypo is the lowest.. so per must be the highest
and you can generate that first table.
notes..
(1) some series have even oxidation states (like H2SO4) some have odd (HClO3)
(2) there is a trend in periodic table family, but it's not exact.
(3) some of the per- acids and salts don't really exist. you might need to google.