[rap35]

Sorry if it has already been answered but I have a few questions which I couldn't find answers to online:


How is the length of time, provided within experimental parameters i.e reflux the solution at X^oC for 12 hours determined?

Does the time require increase when increasing the mass/ volume of the solution?

Does the surface area of the condenser have a direct effect on this as well?

[kriggy]

The lenght of the reflux is determined by monitoring the reaction if its done or not. Basicaly it means you keep the reflux going untill the reaction is done

[rap35]

The lenght of the reflux is determined by monitoring the reaction if its done or not. Basicaly it means you keep the reflux going untill the reaction is done

How do you determine the reaction is done if it's colourless from start to end?

[hollytara]

It depends on the reaction.

The most common way to monitor is by Thin Layer chromatography (TLC).  This allows one to separate starting materials from products and any catalysts.

But occasionally other methods have to be used - sometimes working up small portions every hour or so.