It has to do with charge "concentration". For example, a small ion has a larger charge concentration than a larger ion of the same charge. Since deuterium is slightly bigger than H, the effective nuclear charge decreases, and therefore shows a larger +I effect. If you look at charge radii for H vs D you can see: proton = 0.8768(69) fm, deuteron = 2.1402(28) fm. Since deuterium is not charged, you can understand this better by understanding vibrations, ZPE, and force constants, etc. "D prefers the largest force constant". You will probably have to look at the entire reaction coordinate instead of just the first bit.