[yuda5148]

Hello people, we just finished a round of Organic synthsis today and it was the based of electrophilic and nucleophilic aromatic substitutions. i understand what's happens and why,but i don't know what elements would cause ortho para or meta directions. so if anyone could help me, what groups are in the periodic table have lone pairs of electrons or and rules of thumbs??

Thank You

[Honclbrif]

I don't want to be rude, but if you're doing aromatic substitution and don't understand directing effects I really must recommend hitting the books. You're missing some fundamental concepts and this is a little bigger than help you can get off a forum. If you don't catch up its only going to go downhill from here.

Start with resonance and move on to aromatics.

[azmanam]

start here:

http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/benzrx1.htm#benz1